Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet Essay

slice I Origins of PsychologyThe seven major surveys in moderne psychology argon psychoanalytic, conductist, benevolentist, cognitive, neuroscientific/bio mental, evolutionary, and socio heathenish.Psychoanalytic The founder of the psychoanalytic check of theory is Sigmund Freud. He believed that many psychological problems result from the conflicts that occur amongst acceptable way and unacceptable unconscious sexual or hostile motives. His theory was c only(a)ed Psychoanalysis. Freud relied much on deductive argumentation rather than on rigorous research methods, t hence making his approach non-scientific. Also, he laid speech pattern on the importance of unconscious processes and unresolved by conflicts.Behaviorist The founder of the bearingist school of perspective is John B. Watson. Behaviorism perspective rejected the flavor of the conscious and unconscious mind, still instead cogitate on the importance of observation and environmental influences on conduc t. This school of thought first started with the Pavlovs authoritative conditioning, which claimed that ports could be learned via conditioned associations uncorrupted conditioning is a learning that occurs by which a neutral arousal becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the qualification to elicit a similar receipt (Feist, 2008, p. 449).An another(prenominal) famous behaviorist, B.F Skinner, believed in the concept of operative conditioning, which demonstrated the effect of punishment and reinforcing stimulus on behavior. For instance, He claimed that if a behavior is reinforced, it increases the chances of that behavior to be iterateed. Similarly, if a behavior is followed with punishment, the chances of that behavior to repeat itself diminish.Humanist The dickens major figures of the humanistic perspective ar Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. They believed that all individuals excite the natural capacity to move towards self actualization. Also, the y emphasized on the tactual sensation of free exit (voluntarily chosen behavior) and self-actualization (a state of self-fulfillment) (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2008).cognitive Cognitive psychologists are interested in analyze thethought processes that occur in the school principal. Also, they examine how the entropy is gathered, encoded and stored. Some of the concepts that are studied under cognitive psychology are perception, memory, imagery, concept formation, problem solving, reasoning, last making, and language. Not only that, cognitive psychologists relieve that a human mind works standardised a computer that sequentially takes in breeding(gathers), processes it( encodes), and then produces a response, hence called the information-processing approach.Neuroscientific/Biopsychological This school of thought emphasizes on the map of biologic factors on behavior. Psychologists who follow this school of thought explain behavior through the use of genetics and biologic p rocesses that occur in the brain. These psychologists combine the biological and the psychological aspects to explain behavior.Evolutionary This school of thought examines concepts such as natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes. Evolutionary psychologists claim that an organisms reproductive success is determined by the behavior that favors the process of natural selection (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2008).Sociocultural This school of thought emphasizes on the role of social interactions and cultural factors that influence behavior. Some factors include ethnicity, religion, occupation, and socioeconomic shed light on and so on. relegate II Research MethodsResearch MethodsMethodPurposeStrengthsWeaknessesProvide an exampleExperimentalIdentify reasonableness and effectAllows precise direct over versatiles and identifies motion and effectEthical concerns, working limitations, artificiality of lab conditions, research and participant biases Ma nipulation and control of variablesDescriptiveObserve, collect and record data Minimizes artificiality, easier to collect data, allows definition of behavior and mental processes as they occurLittle or no control over variables, cannot explain cause and effect, and research worker and participant biasesNaturalistic observation, survey, and case study.correlationalIdentify declines and how closely one variable predicts another. Helps clarify relationships between variables that cannot be examined by other methods and allows prediction.Researchers cannot identify cause and effectStatistical analysis of relationship between variables.Biological Identify causation as well as description and predictionShares many or all of the advantages of experimental, descriptive and correctional researchShares many or all of the disadvantages of experimental, descriptive and correctional researchStudies the brain and other separate of the nervous system.Compare and contrast Experimental and cor relativityal methods.Experimental research method helps to explain cause and effect whereas the correlational method does not. An experiment comprises of an free-lance variable (manipulating variable), dependent variable (the variable on which the effect is examined), and experimental and control groups. Also, while conducting an experiment, the researcher must(prenominal) make confident(predicate) that all the impertinent variables in experimental and control conditions are held eternal so that it does not influence the results.Furthermore, the researcher must take into consideration errors (biases) such as experimenter bias, participant bias amongst others that could also influence the results. Also, one of the near important features of an experimental method is making sure that the sample is representative. In other words, representative sample comprises of assigning participants randomly to an experimental and control groups. This unconscious process of random assignme nt ensures that each participant has an make up chance of being assigned to any extra group.Correlation method, on the other hand, does not explain cause and effect. For instance, Correlation method gives us information on whether the variables being studied are related, but it does not rear any information on which variable influence which. For example, If A and B are two variables being studied, correlation method will give us information on whether A and B are related, but it would not split up us whether A causes B or B causes A. Thismethod is used when researchers want to examine the relationship (Correlation) between variables. This method is analyzed using a correlation coefficient, a quantitative value that specifies the grad and direction of the relationship between the two variables. Correlation coefficients range from +1.00 to -1.00, where the sign (positive or negative) denotes the direction of the correlation, and the numerical value (from 0 to +1.00 or -1.00) ind icates the strength of the relationship. twain Experimental and correlation are research methods which are used to conduct research in psychology.Part III The BrainPsychologists are interested in studying parallel because they want to examine whether traces such as aggression, intelligence, soci ability are inherited or are influenced by environment factors. To investigate such issues, the researchers conduct twin studies, as they have a high proportion of allocated genes. There are two types of twins undistinguishable and brotherly. Identical twins (monozygotic- one egg) are twins that share vitamin C percent of the same genes. On the other hand, brotherly twins (dizygotic- two egg) are twins that share approximately 50 percent of their genes, just like any other pair of siblings. Therefore, twin studies provide researchers with a lot of valuable information on the set up of heredity on behavior. For instance, both selfsame(a) and fraternal twins share the same parents, henc e the same environment. So, if heredity does influence a singularity or a behavior then identical twins should be more similar than fraternal twins.Also, Researchers are interested in studying families with children who have been adopt because it also gives them valuable information on whether genetic factors dramatic play a role in behavior. For instance, if the adopted children are more similar to their biological parents then it can be inferred that heredity does play a role in influencing a trait or a behavior. If on the other hand, the adopted children does not resemble the biological family and instead is more like the adopted family then it can be inferred that environmental factors and not genetics play a role.1.What are the utilisations of neurotransmitters and hormones? How do theyinfluence the brain and behavior?Neurotransmitters help to understand some common health check problems. For instance, some of the neurotransmitters and their functions are listed belowSerot onin has effects on mod, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and impulsivity.Acetylcholine (ACh) has effects on muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, emotion.Dopamine (DA) has effects on movement, attention, memory, learning, and emotion. Norepinephrine (NE) (or noradrenaline) has effects on earning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking from sleep, eating, alertness, wakefulness, and reactions to stress. epinephrin (or adrenaline) has effects on motional arousal, memory storage, and transfiguration of glucose necessary for energy release.Hormones are used by endocrine system. Hormones help to control the bodys response to emergencies. For instance, in times of crisis, the hypothalamus sends messages through two pathways- the neural system and the endocrine system (primarily the hypophysis). The pituitary sends hormonal messages to the adrenal glands, which release release cortisol. cortisol is a stress hormone that boosts energy and blood sugar levels, epinephrine (commonly called adrenaline), and norepinephrine (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2008).2.What is neuroplasticity?Neuroplasticity is at the ability of the human brain to change its structure and function as a result of usage and experience. The human brain is adaptive hence neuroplastic. For example, the neuroplasticity in brain helps us learn a foreign language.ReferencesFeist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2008) Theories of genius (7th ed). New York McGraw- HillJohn Wiley & Sons Inc.. (2008). Visualizing Psychology (1st ed.). NJ Author.